ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development Patterns in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development Patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding factors affecting travel behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find factors affecting travel behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development Patterns have a significant difference in terms of travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which physical and non-physical characteristics affect travel behavior due to distinctions between different development Patterns?   Methodology The present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as the travel behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators and criteria affecting travel behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development Patterns or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which factors affecting travel behavior were due to the differences in study areas and which factors affect travel behavior regardless of development Patterns.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development Patterns. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in the three neighborhoods. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three neighborhoods in terms of factors affecting travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between physical and non-physical factors (the same indicators in the same study areas) with travel behavior, the factors affecting travel behavior owing to different development Patterns were identified. Factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development Patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods (different physical development Patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in Patterns of physical development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the factors affecting travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel behavior and finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables and data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

In the analysis of Spatial point Patterns, complete Spatial randomness (CSR) hypothesis, which is a restriction of a homogenous Poisson process to study region A, operates as a dividing hypothesis between “regular” and “aggregated” Patterns. Meanwhile, many alternatives to CSR in aggregated Patterns are extensions of homogenous Poisson processes themselves. Therefore, when the CSR hypothesis is rejected, results related to Poisson processes may be used to formulate plausible alternatives to CSR. In this paper, we propose a new statistic for testing CSR and then by applying it in conjunction with a notion of kernels of a point pattern, we determine the “parents” of a Poisson cluster process when the CSR hypothesis is rejected and a Neyman-Scott process is assumed for the point pattern under alternative hypothesis. We have made power studies for our test statistic by simulation, and have also surveyed the performance of our method on a certain point pattern. Finally, the whole method is carried on certain real life data.

Iran is located in dry zone of mid-latitude in which the mean rainfall is 250 mm and it has dramatic tempo-Spatial changes. Rainfalls with short persistency are of characteristics of dry regions and it is also tangible in Iran. However, Iran’s rainfalls persistency ranges from 1 to 45 days and have dramatic tempo-Spatial changes, but the maximum amount and days of rainfalls are supplied by rainfalls with short persistency. So, the phenomenon of rainfalls with long persistency is considered as an extreme event which has extreme variability. With regard to the importance of rainfall, especially in supplying Iran’s water resources, the investigation of the role of different rainfall persistence's in supplying such resources is necessary. Therefore, understanding the fact that each case of persistency of rainfall produces which share of Iran’s rain days and rainfalls as a whole is necessary. To investigate the Spatial Patterns of Importance of Iranian Rainfall Persistency, a rainfall database with time-place order has been used. In this database, daily rainfall observations exist from 1961/3/20 till 2004/12/30 with 15-kilometer distances on the 7187 cells. First, different persistence's, rainfall amounts and raining days in the time series of every cell were evaluated and in addition to that, different persistence's share in the supply of rainfall days and rainfall amount of each cell were also calculated. The proportion of these two estimates gives the importance of rainfall persistency in various regions of Iran. Results showed that Importance of Iranian Rainfall Persistence's have various Spatial Patterns. The cases of rainfall persistence from 1 day till 7 days exist approximately in all parts of Iran and larger cases of rainfall persistence are only present in some parts of Iran. The share of rainfall persistency sharply reduced with the increase of raining length. In contrast, Increasing length of persistency does not reduce raining in all parts of Iran. One-day cases of rainfall persistency have the greatest role in the formation of raining days and the production of Iran’s rainfalls whose role is tangible in Central, Western and Southwestern parts(mid-east).In contrast, increasing length of persistency of the rains, rain days and rainfall reduced with different Spatial Patterns. As the persistency of precipitations increases, the share of precipitation in the Central and Southwestern Iran decrease severely, but in Western and Northern Iran, vice versa is the case. In some of high precipitation regions of Iran’s Western and Northern half, the decrease of rainfall persistency is together with the decrease of the share of precipitation supply and in other regions (high precipitation regions), and the decrease of the share of precipitation supply is gradual. Therefore, it is a various Spatial Patterns of share of the supply of rainfall and rainy days by means of different rainfall persistence's that implies the various Spatial Patterns of Importance of Iranian Rainfall Persistency. The importance of one-day rainfalls did not show any specific Spatial pattern. Therefore, most of the precipitation of persistency is considered the least important of them. The greater the length of persistency rainfall, most of them is important and creates different Spatial Patterns. The importance of short persistence's (1 to 3 days) in the eastern half and long persistence's (more than six days) in the western half of Iran is maximum.

An efficient management system is necessary to facing various environmental challenges. Systematic and ecosystematic approaches in natural resource management demand understanding all parts of ecosystem and their relationships, a necessity for various planing and decision making. Grazing is one of the most important processes in rangelands ecosystem. In range exploitation style, which exists in Iran, human impacts on this process and on (to graze) has special importance to research. This study focused on the role of human on grazing process that was carried out among herders of eastern Alborz through participatory research. During the research period, a total of 179 persons were interviewed among which 70 cases were interviewed during participation and passing the one night to several nights at the residence of herds. Interview notes were analysed via content analysis approach.From the results of this study, a model was presented which relays on human role in spatio-temporal regulation and focuses on grazier instead of grazer. This model has four spatio-temporal levels: first level called (CHARAGAH) is an area which is allocated to grazing during a period of a year. Second level is (RUGAH), a supposed division of CHARAGAH determined for grazing during one or several days. Third level is (TOWGAH), a part of ground allocated for grazing during several minutes to hours. Last level is (KALAFGAH) that means small area of stopping and biting. Finally, from this study, rethinking on theory and practices as well as considering human role as grazier in grazing plan is recommended.

In this paper, explicating the characteristics and various Patterns of three main concepts-urban growth, urban expansion and urban sprawl-aiming to typology from their sub-Patterns in various studies of urban and regional literature have been reviewed. In other words, the aim of this paper is conceptual and Spatial explanation of these words: urban growth, urban expansion and urban sprawl and their related concepts. Together with technologies and consumption styles, the form of settlements and the way human activities are organised in geographical space represent crucial research fieldsand sources of pre-occupation as far as ecological equilibria are concerned. In fact, in principle, the resource-efficiency of different settlement Patterns is subject to wide variations with reference, at least, to two scarce natural resources: land resourcesand energy resources. Land consumption depends directly on the relative compactness of human settlements and on residential density; energy consumption. The question of the environmental or social costs of urban form is increasingly attracting attention in Spatial policy, but scientific debate in this field is often marred by prejudices and abstract visions; empirical analyses are very rare. Urban growth topic and their Patterns with the growth management policies, as important topics, affect various urban and regional plans. For example urban growth is in essence a complex subsystem; it involves actors with differing Patterns of behavior at various Spatial and temporal scales. It centres on understanding the dynamic interactions between the socio economic and built environments and major natural environmental impacts. Complexity in the domain of urban growth can be divided into such classes as Spatial, temporal and decision-making processe. The causes of urban growth are quite similar with those of sprawl. In most of the instances they can not be discriminated since urban growth and sprawl are highly interlinked. However, it is important to realise that urban growth may be observed without the occurrence of sprawl, but sprawl must induce growth in urban area. Some of the causes, for example population growth, may result in coordinated compact growth or uncoordinated sprawled growth. Because of similarity and replacement of these concepts in urban planning literature, the aim of paper is the identification of similarities and diversities of their various Patterns. The concept of pattern has special definitions in different disciplines. In geographical terms, pattern refers to a "regular arrangement or logic ordering of objects in geo-space", the manner in which a phenomenon is distributed in time and space. Space logic is called Spatial pattern. In addition, a temporal pattern can be defined for changes over time. The research main method is a combination of attributive methods and explanatory analysis methods which based on explanation of topic literature and comparative comparison of global studies. Research findings show that the creation of clear line among these three concepts and their sub-Patterns is very difficult and there is no consensus between professionals. Finally, after investigating ten theories and extracting of twelve specific Patterns, the current paper presents a special Urban Pattern Typology (UPT) in three sections including: conceptual model, relative share and Spatial sphere.

Urban development, rapid increase in car ownership along with limited transportation network expansion has accelerated car accidents in large cities of Iran during the past decades. This article aims to identify the Spatial Patterns of intra city car accidents in the Rasht and analyze the probable causal factors. A complete year (2006) accident data collected by police for the City of Rasht, have been employed in this analysis. The main findings of the study are:-Main streets radiating from city center and the ring road have the highest number of car accidents and small streets locating between city center and ring road relatively have the smallest number accidents.- The form and location of intersections correlate with the amount of car accidents. Most of the traffic circles especially those located on the ring road have the higher number of car accidents compared with four-way or three-way intersections.- Concentration of commercial, service and office activities in the city center correlates with main streets radiating from city center with higher number of car accidents. - Removing the transient traffic from the city, enhancement of public transportation system, improving the existing streets and upgrading intersections could reduce the traffic accidents in Rasht. 

Recognition of Spatial Patterns of drought plays an important role in monitoring, predicting, confronting, reducing vulnerability, and increasing adaptation to this hazard. This study aims to identify the Spatial distribution and analyze the Spatial Patterns of annual, seasonal, and monthly drought intensities in Iran. For this purpose, the European center Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) data for the period 1979-2021 and the ZSI index were used to extract the drought intensities. To achieve the research goal and explain the Spatial pattern of the frequency of drought intensities (Extreme, severe, moderate, and weak), Spatial statistical methods such as global Moran’s I, Anselin local Moran’s Index, and hot spots were used. The results of the global Moran’s I showed that with increasing intensity, the Spatial distribution of drought events has become clustered. The Spatial distribution of the local Moran’s Index and hot spots also confirms this. Very clear contrast was observed in the local clusters of high (low) occurrence as well as hot (cold) spots of severe (Extreme) yearly droughts in the south, southeast, and east. In autumn, weak to Extreme droughts show a southeast-northwest pattern. But in spring and winter, the Spatial pattern of drought is very strong as opposed to severe and moderate drought. Despite the relatively high variability of maximum positive Spatial Autocorrelation of severe and Extreme monthly droughts, their Spatial pattern is almost similar. The Spatial clusters of severe and very severe droughts in the northwest, northeast, and especially on the Caspian coast, are a serious warning for the management of water resources, especially for precipitation-based activities, such as agriculture. Introduction Drought or lack of precipitation over some time is the most widespread natural hazard on the earth compared to its long-term average. This risk negatively affects various sectors such as hydropower generation, health, industry, tourism, agriculture, livestock, environment, and economy. To reduce these negative or destructive effects, it must be determined how often drought occurs during the period and in which areas it is most severe. Doing so requires determining the characteristics of the drought. These characteristics include area, intensity, duration, and frequency of drought. Discovering the geographical focus, recognizing the pattern governing the frequency of occurrence and temporal-Spatial distribution as well as changes in the dynamics of this hazard facilitate an important role in drought monitoring, early warning, forecasting, and dealing with these potential hazards,this information can be used to create a drought plan by providing analysts and decision-makers with ideas about drought, helping to reduce the negative and vulnerable effects and ultimately make it easier to protect or replace for greater adaptation. Many researchers have been led by these approaches to the use of statistical analysis. Numerous studies have been conducted in the study of climatic phenomena such as drought with space statistics techniques in various regions, including China, India, South Korea, and even Iran. Part of the domestic research on Spatial Patterns of drought is without the use of Spatial statistics and a limited number of others who have used these analyzes have only studied the overall intensity of drought and have not studied the Spatial Patterns of different drought intensities. The main purpose of this study is to identify the distribution and Spatial Patterns of drought intensities in Iran using Spatial analysis functions of Spatial statistics based on the frequency of drought intensities (Extreme, severe, moderate, and weak) with yearly, seasonal and monthly multi-scale approach. Therefore, this study will answer the questions: a) What is the Spatial distribution of drought intensity data in Iran? And b) What is the variability of Spatial Patterns of Iranian droughts at different time scales? Material &Method ERA5 monthly precipitation data for a period of 43 years from 1979 to 2021 were used for this study. an array of dimensions of 78×59×504 of data were formed in MATLAB software in which 78×59 is the number of nodes with a Spatial resolution of 0. 25 degrees and 504 represents the month. After creating the database, the ZSI index was used to calculate the severity of drought in annual, seasonal, and monthly comparisons. Finally, to achieve the research goal and explain the Spatial pattern governing the frequency of drought intensities (Extreme, severe, moderate, and weak), Spatial statistical methods such as global Moran’s I, Anselin local Moran I and hot spots was used. Discussion of Results Due to its ecological conditions, geographical location, and location in an arid and semi-arid region of the world, Iran is among the most vulnerable countries due to natural hazards, including drought. It has experienced many severe droughts in the last century. The occurrence of drought and its effects is one of the major challenges of water resources management in this century. The results of the Global Moran’s Index for all three annual, seasonal, and monthly scales showed a highly clustered pattern of drought events in the country. Spatial clustering of the occurrence of severe and Extreme yearly droughts in the eastern, southeastern, and southern regions is also an interesting result. These conditions are due to low precipitation and high Spatial variation coefficient in these areas. This contrast of Spatial clusters of drought intensities indicates the relationship between drought and temporal-Spatial anomalies of precipitation so that with increasing precipitation, Spatial variability of precipitation decreases, and consequently Spatial homogeneity of precipitation increases. severe and moderate-intensity spots in the south-southeast in autumn and spring can be affected by fluctuations in the beginning and end of the monsoon season in South Asia due to the high variability of atmospheric circulation at the beginning and end of precipitation in these areas. Some studies have also shown the relationship between precipitation in these areas and the monsoon behavior of South Asia. Extreme drought events in winter and spring have had a positive Spatial correlation pattern in the southwest, west, and northwest. However, precipitation at this time of year is concentrated in these areas. Warm clusters or concentrations of very severe drought events in the northern strip of the country, especially in the Caspian region, can be due to the high variability of precipitation at the beginning of the annual precipitation season (late summer and early autumn).   Observations of these conditions in the northern strip indicate that an event with a high frequency of severe droughts, even in rainy areas, should not be unexpected. Spatial clusters of Extreme, severe, moderate, and weak drought every month using both local Moran and hot spots statistics show the fact that in Iran, the most severe droughts have occurred in the western, northwestern, and coastal areas of the Caspian Sea. However, the absence of severe droughts or Spatial clusters has been the occurrence of low drought in the southeast and to some extent in the south. On a yearly scale, the south, southeast, and east have played a significant role in the Spatial cluster of severe and extreme droughts. So that these areas of the country have had positive Spatial solidarity. However, in these areas, negative Spatial correlation prevailed in the autumn for severe drought. This may indicate an anomaly and a tendency to concentrate more precipitation in Iran, as well as many changes in seasonal and local precipitation regimes. According to the research results, a high incidence of severe and extreme drought on all three scales (monthly, seasonal and annual) even in the wettest climate of the country (northern Iran, especially the southern shores of the Caspian Sea) shows that High-intensity droughts can occur in all parts of the country, regardless of the weather conditions. Keywords: Natural hazards, Spatial Patterns, Moran statistics, Spatial autocorrelation, hot spots

IntroductionPrecipitation is a vital component in the hydrological cycle. Its spatio-temporal variations have great environmental and socioeconomic impacts. The Spatial variation of rainfall depends upon many factors. Some of these variations are due to synaptic systems and some others formed by local physiographical characteristics of stations such as elevation from sea level, slope, windward and leeward slopes, land cover and land use and etc. If the rainfall is formed by widespread and pervasive synoptic system, it can show a significant Spatial similarity and homogeneity in the amount of a given rainfall in all over the region. This is affected by synoptic system. But if the rainfall is dominated by local factors the higher heterogeneity of given amount of the rainfall can be expected.

Climate change has significant negative impacts on various human activities. With the anticipated intensification of climate hazards due to these changes, it is essential to develop climate-resilient sectors to mitigate associated risks. Effective climate risk management requires strategies that identify Patterns of climate hazards to support informed decision-making. Policymakers, researchers, and the general public can benefit from climate-related hazard atlases, which provide critical information to better understand risks and implement measures to reduce the impacts of these hazards on human health, agriculture, and other sectors.Qazvin Province, located in northwestern Iran, is particularly vulnerable to atmospheric and climate-related hazards such as frost, drought, heat waves, cold waves, dust storms, air pollution, and flooding. The occurrence of such climate disasters in Qazvin underscores the importance of disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation measures. This study utilized daily maximum and minimum temperature data from the ERA5-Land dataset for the period 1991–2020. The ERA5-Land dataset, with a Spatial resolution of 0.1 degrees and a temporal resolution of 1 hour, served as the foundation for analyzing temperature extremes.The Climpact project was employed to calculate climate-related hazard indices and demonstrate their Spatial Patterns across Qazvin Province. Additionally, composite maps of extreme events, land use, and population distribution were generated to aid in interpreting the results. The Spatial analysis revealed that the northeastern region of Qazvin Province is a frequent hazard zone, experiencing a high number of icy days annually, ranging from 100 to 130 days. In contrast, the central part of the province registers the highest temperatures, with an annual average exceeding 50 hot days.The multi-hazard map demonstrated that the central part of Qazvin Province is simultaneously affected by multiple climate-related hazards. This area, characterized by concentrated population and economic activities, faces amplified climate-related socioeconomic risks, highlighting the urgent need for targeted adaptation and risk reduction strategies.